Gender Differences in Psychological Outcomes Following Surf versus Hike Therapy among U.S. Service Members.

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dc.contributor.authorGlassman, Lisa H
dc.contributor.authorOtis, Nicholas P
dc.contributor.authorKobayashi Elliott, Kim T
dc.contributor.authorMichalewicz-Kragh, Betty
dc.contributor.authorWalter, Kristen H
dc.date.accessioned2024-03-21T22:00:20Z
dc.date.available2024-03-21T22:00:20Z
dc.date.issued2024-02-19
dc.description.abstractSurf and hike therapies have demonstrated effectiveness as adjunct interventions for service members with major depressive disorder (MDD). This study explores gender differences in intervention outcomes following a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial of Surf and Hike Therapy for service members with MDD ( = 96; men, = 46; women, = 50). Clinician-administered and self-report measures (depression, anxiety, positive affect, negative affect, resilience, and pain) were completed at preprogram, postprogram, and 3-month follow-up; brief measures (depression/anxiety and positive affect) were completed before and after each session. Multilevel modeling results showed that anxiety decreased from pre- to postprogram and significantly differed by gender (B = -2.26, = 0.029), with women reporting greater reductions. The remaining outcomes from pre- to postprogram demonstrated significant improvements that did not differ by gender (s = 0.218-0.733). There were no gender differences through follow-up (s = 0.119-0.780). However, within sessions, women reported greater improvements in depression/anxiety (B = -0.93, = 0.005) and positive affect (B = 3.73, = 0.001). The change in positive affect scores within sessions was greater for women in Hike Therapy compared to men ( = 0.016). Overall, results demonstrate that both genders benefit from adjunctive Surf and Hike Therapies, but women exhibit a better response in terms of longer-term anxiety and immediate psychological outcomes.
dc.description.sponsorshipBUMED
dc.identifier.other38397730
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10673/2452
dc.language.isoen
dc.relation.ispartofseriesReport number; 23-94
dc.relation.ispartofseriesDepartment number; HBS-269
dc.relation.ispartofseriesWork unit; N1600
dc.subjectdepression
dc.subjectexercise
dc.subjectmilitary
dc.subjectnature exposure
dc.subjectoutdoor activity
dc.subjectoutdoor recreation programs
dc.subjectphysical activity
dc.subjectWork unit; N1600
dc.titleGender Differences in Psychological Outcomes Following Surf versus Hike Therapy among U.S. Service Members.
dc.typeArticle

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